Salmonella and Eggs: Current Research and 11 Facts

We’ve analyzed, from twenty-one studies, research, articles, and findings from various authorized research center, well-known professors, including Oxford Academic and credible journals about Salmonella in eggs

Now, as you questioned, can you get Salmonella infection from consuming raw egg?

Is Salmonella in eggs really threatening?

Spesifically, we found that there’s a several effects on consuming raw egg.

We collect, summarized, put it in to a short and easy-to-read information, from…

… all the datas, statistic, keynotes, all the things that we could found…

… on our findings from twenty-one studies, researches, articles, academic-journals…

… and other related and reliable source.

In this article we are going to give you the simplest information for you to understand.

Overview

Brief information we found on our research are as follows:

1. You should never follow Rocky’s step on chugging raw eggs, you can get serious health problem, one of them is biotin deficiency or called white injury.

2. Egg contains lots of nutrients! Zinc is one of them, scientist believed that zinc is one of the nutrients needed by our body to combat COVID-19.

3. You must think raw eggs are more digestible by our body, right? WRONG! 90% of protein in cooked eggs are digestible by our body, meanwhile its only 51% from raw egg.

4. It takes 50,000 of Salmonella bacteria to give you infection. Imagine you are watching MLB match in T-Mobile Park in Seattle with FULL Capacity, but instead of human, it’s FULL with Salmonella!

5. Ever wonder how Salmonella does to you and your body? Have you ever heard of the Mexican Cucumber case? As reported by CDC, there are 767 Salmonella infection cases in 36 states, which leads to mortality.

6. Even Salmonella in eggs come from chickens, you can’t always blame chickens on this. Salmonella can infect the eggs through the outside of the shell.

7. There is one Salmonella infection case in 20,000. That means only one person in a small city is infected with Salmonella. It’s indeed very unlikely for you to have it. It’s a very low chance, but remember low is not zero. There is a chance it will lead to death!

8. Wondering how Salmonella will affect you? Ever heard of Mexican Cucumber case? That is one of the worst Salmonella case in US history.

9. Preventing Salmonella infection is really not a rocket science, you just need to cook it in the high heat ( 165°F – 212°F).

10. You know it’s the time to go to see your doctor if you starting to loose the stool and feel sick.

11. There are tons of high-protein foods besides raw eggs, but unfortunately many people are unaware of it.

We emphasized the data from our findings below, 

Never Follow Rocky for Consuming Raw Eggs

Consuming Raw Eggs Can Lead You to Biotin Deficiency

Up for now, raw eggs consumption is still goes on.

Group of people that known to really loves eating raw eggs are athletes and body builder.

As we’ve seen Rocky from the hit movie back in 70s…

… people are instantly believed that in order to gain muscle, raw eggs is the answer.

We are here to debunk all the myths and misbelieved with raw eggs…

… so you won’t be fooled anymore.

So, we gather all the data that we could’ve found and it turns out that…

… there’s no correlation between gaining more muscle and consuming raw eggs!

In matter of fact, to break all the myths…

We’ve found out that  consuming raw egg can leads to biotin deficiency.

A researcher called this case as white injury.

It could happen when someone consuming excessive amount of white raw egg…

… which contains glycoprotein avidin.

This substain is believed can bind biotin and is resistant to intestinal digestion.

We know, it’s hard to keep up, we’ve been there too.

In addition to that…

This white injury or biotin deficiency can leads to dermatitis, hairloss…

… and even neuromuscular dysfunction ¹ .

Key Takeaway: Opposite from what have been around, consuming raw eggs in fact can be harmful. Our study found out that you can get biotin deficiency as the side effect of consuming raw egg ¹ . Note that the side effect may differ from one to other person, we suggest you to really be careful of your nutritions  intake everyday.

Contains Lots of Nutrients, Zinc Is One of Them

You can always find eggs in every grocery store…

Known to be the source of many nutrients, rich in protein, and low calories…

… are the reason why people love eggs.

Not to mention that they’re also cheap and easy to cook.

People are putting eggs in their daily diet.

In the table below, we’ve provided you with some list of nutritions in raw eggs.

In this table, you can see that the majority of recommended nutrients…

… are present in raw eggs, with the exception of vitamin C and dietary fiber.

Here’s the interesting part that we found!

Proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals are among the many nutrients…

… found in the yolk, while egg whites are primarily composed of protein, water…

… and minimal fat.

Egg yolks have been extensively studied, particularly their phospholipids…

… which provide health benefits. We believed that egg yolk phospholipids reduce…

… cholesterol levels and improve the fatty liver and brain function².

A number of studies describe allergic reactions to egg white protein^3,4…

… whereas studies have indicated that egg white protein can enhance…

… iron absorption⁵ and lower cholesterol levels^6,7.

 Key Takeaway: With our findings, we can say that eggs are the go to choice for cheap and rich nutrients packed in one food ². Also it’s cheap and easy to cook. Please highlight that not all nutrients all present in the eggs, another nutrients in take are really important.

Cooked Eggs Are More Digestible

After we explained to you about all the nutrients in raw eggs…

… now you must wondering… is it the same in cooked eggs?

The table given are our side-to-side comparison of raw egg nutrition…

… and boiled egg nutrition.

Please take a look.

As you can see, our table stated that raw eggs contains higher nutrients than boiled egg.

However, you might be shocked as we are when we found it for the first time that…

… you will not get the protein you needed from raw egg.

Let us explain it to you…

On our findings, supported by research in Oxford Academic…

….  protein in raw egg is not as digestible as in hard boiled egg.

The data shown that 90% of protein in boiled egg is digestible by human’s body…

… but only 51% from raw egg that absorbed by our body⁸.

In short, we could say that…

… why you bother cugging slimey raw eggs when you can enjoy it cooked…

… and still have even the same digestible nutritions?

Our suggestion if you like runny egg yolk, cook it only for 5 minutes or 6 minutes.

Key Takeaway: With only a slight different between nutritions in raw and cooked eggs, and cooked eggs are more digestible than raw eggs ⁸ . We really suggest you to only consume cooked egg.

Let’s Meet and Greet Bacteria

Most of you might have known what bacteria is…

… you might heard it from anti-microbial advertisement, hospital…

… or health-care brochure, and so on.

To keep it really simple…

Bacteria is a living creature just like us, but they are microscopic…

… (you can’t see them with your eyes), its only have a cell or singled-cell…

… they are the first organism that lived on earth.

You can find bacteria almost everywhere, including inside or outside the eggs ¹⁵ .

So, what are the correlation between raw eggs and bacteria?

Bacteria, or maybe some bacterias can infect eggs.

One of the most popular bacteria that infect eggs is Salmonella.

Salmonella in eggs can be really dangerous.

Salmonella is proven can penetrate through eggs shell. 

Not only in rotten foods, in fresh and new foods you can found bacteria in it.

It’s important to always clean and treat your food right.

Key Takeaways: Bacteria, especially Salmonella, can infect eggs ¹⁵ . It can be found on the inside or outside of your eggs.

The Most Common Food-Borne Illnesses Cause

Some of you maybe wondering what Salmonella is…

… and maybe some of you have heard somewhere but not sure what it is.

Now we are going to explain it to you so it’s easier for you guys to understand…

… and keep up with our information.

Salmonella in eggs or mostly in general is a foodborne pathogen of major importance…

… this organism is found in many countries.

Worldwide, Salmonella had caused foodborne diseases that affect humans…

… and cause significant morbidity, mortality, and economic losses.

Salmonella first was found by Theobald Smith and Daniel Elmer Salmon…

… in the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture…

… in 1885¹⁰. 

As a matter of public health, Salmonella remains among the…

… most common food-borne pathogens¹¹.

Since Salmonella bacteria have always caused diseases in humans…

… the link between pathogens and salmonellosis hasn’t always been obvious…

… and it is somewhat more recent. 

With the advancement of epidemiology and identification methodologies…

… the causal relationship between human clinical salmonellosis and water…

… and food sources was established and appropriate control measures identified.

Salmonellosis is still a concern due to the biology of Salmonella…

… and its occurrence in a variety of ecological niches…

… as well as its ability to invade the gastrointestinal tract of multiple animals. 

Salmonellosis continues to be associated with certain foods including poultry and eggs¹².

Key Takeaway: With our research we’ve found that Salmonella is one of the common food-borne pathogens ¹¹ , you have to be more careful and cautious with your foods. Salmonella is known to be the infectious bacteria to infect eggs, so becareful with your eggs!

Salmonella Can Enter The Eggshell

We’ve collect the information and data about how can we found Salmonella in eggs

But, what’s really catching our eyes is the research from Gantois…

… (researcher from Ghent University, Belgium) and peers ¹³ on…

… Mechanisms of egg contamination by Salmonella enteritidis

Here’s the explanation:

Salmonella is ingested by hens and enters their gastrointestinal tract.

It is possible for bacteria in the intestinal lumen to invade…

… the intestinal epithelial cells (gut colonization).

Consequently, macrophages become attracted to the site of infection which leads…

… to an influx of immune cells invasion and enclose the Salmonella bacteria.

This allows the bacteria to survive and multiply in the intracellular environment…

… of the macrophage.

These infected macrophages migrate to the internal organs…

… such as the reproductive organs (systemic spread).

In addition to systemic spread, bacteria can also access the oviduct…

… through ascending infection from the cloaca. 

Salmonella can enter the eggshell through the shell membrane…

… after shell contamination and penetrate through the eggshell.

Depending on the source of surface contamination, feces or vaginal infections…

… might be involved.

By direct contamination of egg yolks, yolk membranes, albumen, shell membranes…

… and eggshells caused by infection of the ovary, infundibulum, magnum, isthmus…

… and shell gland respectively, is the second possible route. 

Antibacterial environments enable Salmonella bacteria to live…

… and grow in albumen and on vitelline membranes.

To reach the yolk, they will migrate to the vitelline membrane and penetrate it.

These organisms can thrive in such an environment once they reach a rich one.

Phew, what a read!

It takes two or more reads for us to really understand how Salmonella can infect eggs.

Key Takeaway: Our take on this study is that Salmonella in eggs mainly comes from laying chicken itself ¹³ . It’s important for poultry business and farmer to always check their chicken’s health.

Chance of Getting Salmonella Infection Is Really Low

On the information we’ve gathered, we conclude that the United States…

… has conducted risk assessments that showed that…

… one in 20,000 cases that Salmonella in eggs or infected with Salmonella.

This is a very low incidence (0.005%).

However, when a total of 1479 billion eggs produced worldwide each year…

… is taken into consideration, the projection indicates that almost 74 million eggs…

… with Salmonella could possibly enter the food supply.

We’ve dig in to everywhere to found worldwide Salmonella infection data…

… but we haven’t found any, and there’s no recent data for Salmonella infection.

So, there is no proven data that shows cases of eating raw eggs…

… but here we are showing you data of Salmonella infection cases from around the globe.

Please note that some cases may vary due to many factors.

source: International Journal of Infectious Disease

According to the data shown, 1144 single-state outbreaks of SE were reported…

… to the CDC in the USA between 1990 and 2015.

657 (57%) of the 1144 SE outbreaks were associated with known food items…

… and 487 (43%) with unknown food sources.

The CDC has identified 657 known outbreaks of food-borne illness…

… 273 (24%) relate to eggs-based products¹⁷.

We’ve found that, there are an estimated 80.3 million cases of foodborne…

… Salmonellosis in the world each year…

… but other estimates range between 200 million and 1.3 billion cases¹⁸.

Also, Scallan and his peers on research in 2011 found out that Salmonella species…

… other than typhoidal are estimated to cause over …

… 2.3 million cases of illness in the United States alone.

In the United States, foodborne illnesses account for one million cases annually.

Approximately 1 out of every 57 salmonellosis cases is reported…

… according to a study by the European Union.

Salmonellosis is also an annual occurrence that varies between 16 and 11,800…

… among the European Union’s member states, according to this study¹⁹.

Key Takeaway: One in 20,000 eggs is contaminated with Salmonella. Which means the possibility you will get infected by Salmonella in eggs is very low or only 0.005% ¹⁷ . The case of Salmonella per country is different, because it’s depend on how well the government policy on food safety.

Salmonella In Eggs Can Give You Infection

After all the findings, we’ve known that there’s two clinical form…

… of Salmonella infection, gastroenteritis and enteric fevers.

Please take a note that…

The severity of the infection and whether it remains localized…

… in the intestine or disseminates to the bloodstream may depend on the resistance…

… of the patient and the virulence of the Salmonella isolate.

Depending on the amount of bacteria, Salmonella gastroenteritis (food poisoning)…

… takes anywhere from 12 to 24 hours to develop.

After ingestion of a contaminated food or drink, symptoms typically start…

… 6 to 48 hours later, and take the form of…

… nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

Myalgia and headache are common; however, the cardinal manifestation is diarrhea.

There is also a risk of fever (38° to 39°C) and chills.

More than two-thirds of patients complain about abdominal cramps.

Generally, fever and diarrhea last between 2 and 7 days.

Enteric fevers are severe systemic forms of salmonellosis.

In addition to typhoid fever, which is caused by Salmonella typhi…

… this type of disease may also be caused by any other Salmonella species.

Incubation takes between 10 and 14 days before the symptoms appear.

There is usually no systemic illness before gastrointestinal fever…

… which is usually preceded by gastroenteritis.

A patient with enteric fever often complains of fever, headache, myalgias…

… and constipation.

An antibacterial treatment is mandatory for those suffering from enteric fevers…

… as these infections are severe and can be fatal.

Humans are susceptible to Salmonella infections depending on the strain…

… and health status.

Salmonella infection is more likely to be contracted by children…

younger than 5 years of age, the elderly, and people on immunosuppression¹⁴.

Salmonella strains can invade, replicate, and survive in human host cells…

… and thus cause potentially fatal diseases in human beings.

“Salmonella infections often occur 6–72 hours following consumption of contaminated food or water containing at least 50,000 bacteria. There are many different types of symptoms associated with this condition, and the symptoms usually begin with abdominal pain and diarrhea. Children usually have more severe symptoms and symptoms last longer than adults after getting gastroenteritis, but it usually resolves itself in 5–7 days without needing treatment”¹⁶

Kurtz and McLachlan, 2017 – Researcher from Tulane University of Medical

Key Takeaways: Salmonella in eggs can leads to infection in fact it can be harmful if you not treating it right ¹⁴ , see and check yourself up to the doctor if you experienced one of the symptoms above. 

Prevent Salmonella Infection? Easy Peasy

We really suggest you to always clean your eggs before storing them in refrigerator.

Your hands must be washed in case raw vegetables or ready to eat…

… items are to be handled after handling egg.

For example, if bread is to be toasted after making omelets then…

… your hands must be washed in between the two processes.

Cracked eggs must be discarded.

Now, the best way to prevent Salmonella in eggs infection is to not eat raw eggs…

… or other foods raw. 

Crump et al., in 2004 stated that Salmonella levels were drastically reduced…

… when food and water sanitation was improved, milk…

… and other dairy products were pasteurized…

… and human wastes were no longer used to produce food.

Heat is also proven to kill and eliminate Salmonella in eggs ²⁰. 

To our considerations, you should cook your eggs in 74°C (165°F) to kill…

… Salmonella in eggs.

Public health issues are created when people not realizing that they’ve cooked…

… selll or consuming Salmonella in eggs.

In addition to that…

Food preservation methods that prevent outbreaks of food poisoning lead…

… to improved food safety, so alternative methods of preserving food are crucial.

To ensure quality and safety of food we suggest you to use, refrigeration, freezing…

… and other methods are available to the food industry…

… such as drying, fermentation, and addition of preservatives.

These methods all work to prevent or inhibit growth Salmonella in eggs.

Pasteurization, sterilization, and irradiation are other methods…

… to prevent the growth of Salmonella in eggs.

Key Takeaway: With all the research that we’ve done, we highly suggest you to cook and treat your eggs right. Always wash your eggs before store it and cook it in the high heat is proven to kill Salmonella in eggs ²⁰ . 

Rush To The Doctor If The Symptoms Occur

The first thing you do if you encounter some of the Salmonella infection…

… is go to the doctor.

They will examine you and give you the right treatment.

If you’re curious about what kind of medicine or treatment did they use…

… we already done a research for you.

In the Salmonella infection treatment, antibiotic drugs are really critical.

Its considered to improved the quality of life, in addition to reduce the mortality…

… of Salmonella in egg infection.

Some of Salmonella infection did not require antibiotics treatment.

With some complications, such ash meningitis and septicaemia…

… antibiotics really needed for the treatment.

Apart from antibiotics, probiotics are used too in Salmonella infection.

Researchers believed that probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacilli, Enterococci…

… Streptococcus, can help patient, as helping digestion, metabolism…

… and building a good immune system ²¹ .

Key Takeaway: Antibiotics and probiotics are vital in Salmonella infection treatment ²¹ , always remember to go to a doctor if one of the symptoms occur.

Never Ever Consume Raw Eggs

We can’t close our article before we suggest you the alternative for raw egg.

The only reason why people are chugging raw eggs are because its believed…

… contains more protein than cooked one.

So, after we explained and emphasized all, it’s known that raw eggs is just…

… a big no!

There is a chance that you can find Salmonella in eggs.

After all, you can always get protein from other sources.

Before that, we are going to give you some explanation about what is protein…

… so there’s no more misunderstanding.

Here’s the fact:

Protein is one of macronutrients that your body needs.

Mostly it needed to build muscle mass.

The scientific explanations are as follows…

… proteins are nitrogen-containing substances that are formed by amino acids.

They serve as the major structural component of muscle and other tissues in the body.

In addition, they are used to produce hormones, enzymes and hemoglobin.

Proteins can also be used as energy; however…

…. they are not the primary choice as an energy source. 

If you want foods that full of protein…

… we can suggest you to consume milk, cheese, greek yogurt, red meat, white meat…

… and also seafood.

In any case…

If you are a vegetarian or vegan, beans and lentils are the perfect choice for you.

Almonds, mung beans, and cashews are high in protein.

Key Takeaway: There are tons of food with high protein besides raw egg. After all the explanation above, we really hope that you won’t consume raw eggs anymore, since you can encounter Salmonella in eggs. We suggest you to cook your eggs carefully.

Bottom Line

After all the research and study, we can conclude that Salmonella in eggs…

… are indeed very dangerous!

You can get Salmonella infection if you chugging raw eggs, that have been…

… infected with Salmonella.

And as we explained, it can cause serious health problems.

To substitute the proteins, you can always drink milk, or eat red meat.

If you’re a vegetarians, greek yogurt and beans are the perfect choice for you.

Summary and Conclusion

We’d like to thank you for reading this new article here.

We’re hoping this hardwork and dedicated study and research would help you.

This study wouldn’t have been possible without guide from our mentor and our teammates. Cheers.

Now, it’s your turn

What’s your biggest #1 takeaway from this Salmonella in eggs study?

We’d like to hear anything from you, whether your takeaway, comment, or even advice.

Let us know in the comment section below!

Source

We only rely and use reliable academic research institutions, prestigious academic journal, and authorized website. Our articles are reliable, you can check from source below.

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Jasper Scott

Hi there! I’m a food enthusiast and journalist, and I have a real passion for food that goes beyond the kitchen. I love my dream job and I’m lucky enough to be able to share my knowledge with readers of several large media outlets. My specialty is writing engaging food-related content, and I take pride in being able to connect with my audience. I’m known for my creativity in the kitchen, and I’m confident that I can be the perfect guide for anyone looking to take their culinary journey to the next level.